Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is increasing demand on pharmacist time within clinical pharmacy services, and pharmacy technicians are a crucial resource for expanding pharmacy practice. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and effectiveness of pharmacy technician management of stable, in-range international normalized ratio (INR) results compared with usual care. METHODS: This retrospective, longitudinal, noninferiority cohort study was conducted at an integrated health care delivery system with a centralized anticoagulation service. Adult patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy with therapeutic INR results over a 3-month period (i.e., 100% time in therapeutic range [TTR] during the 3 months before the index date) were eligible for referral to technician warfarin management between March 1, 2015, and December 31, 2015. Patients with similar INR control during the same period but not referred to technician management were included as comparators in the usual care group. A one-sided noninferiority margin for the technician management group was set to -2.5% for mean TTR. Propensity scoring was used in regression modeling via inverse probability of treatment weights to compare between-group differences to account for covariates that may have influenced assignment to the technician group. Finally, bleeding, thromboembolic, and mortality outcomes were compared. RESULTS: 1,840 and 1,116 patients were included in the technician and usual care groups, respectively. The mean age of included patients was 73.1 years, and the majority (77.9%) had received warfarin for > 3 years. TTR during follow-up was 83.3% and 77.7% in the technician and usual care groups, respectively (mean difference = 5.7%; 95% CI = 4.1%-7.2%). The risk of thromboembolism was similar between the technician and usual care groups (HR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.17-4.22; P = 0.832); however, bleeding (HR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.39-0.94; P = 0.026) and all-cause mortality (HR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.25-0.77; P = 0.004) were lower in the technician group during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Technician management of stable patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy within an integrated health care delivery system's centralized anticoagulation service was associated with noninferior TTR results compared with usual care pharmacist management. DISCLOSURES: This study was internally funded by the Kaiser Permanente Pharmacy Department. The study sponsor had no role in the study design, analysis, or interpretation. The authors have no relevant financial conflicts of interest to disclose.