Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) have emerged as a new class of anticancer agents, targeting the biological process including cell cycle and apoptosis. We investigated and explained the anticancer effects of an HDAC6 inhibitor, ricolinostat alone and in combination with bendamustine in lymphoma cell lines. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, Bcl-2 protein expression, cell cycle progression and tubuline expression were determined by flow cytometry. The effects of ricolinostat alone and in combination on the caspases, PI3K/Akt, Bcl-2 pathways, ER stress and UPR were assessed by immunoblotting. Ricolinostat shows anti lymphoma activity when used as single agent and its capability to induce apoptosis is synergistically potentiated by the bendamustine in lymphoma cell lines. Drug combination reduced the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 and S phases and caused an increase of "sub-G0/G1" peak. The synergistic effect accompanied with the increased ROS, activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3, the cleavage of PARP and modulated by Bcl-2 proteins family. In addition, the exposure of ricolinostat induced the acetylation level of α-tubulin, the extend of which was not further modified by bendamustine. Finally, the apoptosis effect of ricolinostat/bendamustine may be mediated by a corresponding effect on microtubule stabilization. Our data suggest that ricolinostat in combination with bendamustine may be a novel combination with potential for use as an antitumor agent in lymphoma.