Abstract
Myelin degeneration is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis, a chronic, autoimmune neurological condition that alters Central Nervous System communication. Despite the fact that the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis is multifactorial and not fully understood, new research indicates that reducing oxidative stress and inflammation may have therapeutic advantages. A class of phytoestrogens called isoflavones, which are mostly present in soy and other legumes, have drawn interest because of their possible anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. A comprehensive literature review was performed covering the period from 2000 to 2024, utilizing various databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. This process involved the use of specific search terms and Boolean operators, including "isoflavones" AND "multiple sclerosis," "phytoestrogens" AND "neuroprotection," and "soy isoflavones" AND "autoimmune diseases," to locate relevant articles. The function of isoflavones in multiple sclerosis is examined in this review, with particular attention paid to their mechanisms of action, which include immune response modulation, antioxidant effects, and possible influence on neurodegenerative processes. This review discusses the preclinical data that currently supports isoflavones' capacity to lower inflammation, enhance myelin repair, and slow the progression in MS models. Future research directions are proposed, highlighting the challenges and limitations in implementing these findings in clinical practice. Even though isoflavones are still being studied, their promising role in MS treatment highlights the need for more research to assess their potential as supplemental therapies in managing MS symptoms and progression.