Abstract
Calcium, a universal intracellular signaling molecule, plays essential roles in neural functions. Historically, in most in vitro brain slice electrophysiology studies, the extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](e)) in artificial cerebrospinal fluid is of a wide range and typically higher than the physiological value. At high [Ca(2+)](e), synaptic transmission is generally enhanced. However, the effects and the underlying mechanisms of calcium on intrinsic neuronal properties are diverse. Using whole-cell patch clamp in acute brainstem slices obtained from mice of either sex, we investigated the effects and the underlying mechanisms of high [Ca(2+)](e) on intrinsic neuronal properties of neurons in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), an auditory brainstem component in the sound localization circuitry. Compared to the physiological [Ca(2+)](e) (1.2 mM), high [Ca(2+)](e) at 1.8 and 2.4 mM significantly reduced the cellular excitability of MNTB neurons, resulting in decreased spike firing rate, depolarized spike threshold, and decreased the ability to follow high frequency inputs. High extracellular magnesium concentrations at 1.8 and 2.4 mM produced similar but less robust effects, due to surface charge screening. Upon high calcium application, voltage-gated sodium channel currents remained largely unchanged. Calcium-sensing receptors were detected in MNTB neurons, but blocking these receptors did not eliminate the effects of high calcium on spontaneous spiking. We attribute the lack of significant effects in these last two experiments to the moderate changes in calcium we tested. Our results call for the use of physiological [Ca(2+)](e) in brain slice experiments.