Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) emissions are an important environmental issue that causes greenhouse and climate change effects on the earth. Nowadays, CO(2) has various conversion methods to be a potential carbon resource, such as photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and photo-electrocatalytic. CO(2) conversion into value-added products has many advantages, including facile control of the reaction rate by adjusting the applied voltage and minimal environmental pollution. The development of efficient electrocatalysts and improving their viability with appropriate reactor designs is essential for the commercialization of this environmentally friendly method. In addition, microbial electrosynthesis which utilizes an electroactive bio-film electrode as a catalyst can be considered as another option to reduce CO(2). This review highlights the methods which can contribute to the increase in efficiency of carbon dioxide reduction (CO(2)R) processes through electrode structure with the introduction of various electrolytes such as ionic liquid, sulfate, and bicarbonate electrolytes, with the control of pH and with the control of the operating pressure and temperature of the electrolyzer. It also presents the research status, a fundamental understanding of carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO(2)RR) mechanisms, the development of electrochemical CO(2)R technologies, and challenges and opportunities for future research.