Abstract
This research investigates the roles of microRNAs (miR-138, miR-195-5p) and the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19 in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). A literature review using databases such as PubMed and Scopus identified 148 articles, which were subsequently narrowed down to 61 unique studies after duplicate removal. The findings underscore the significance of mechanical stimulation in bone metabolism and the complex biological mechanisms of OTM, with a focus on the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The study aimed to elucidate the expression patterns of non-coding RNA and microRNA in response to orthodontic force, potentially revealing new clinical methods to enhance the safety of orthodontic treatment. Additionally, it examines the therapeutic roles of miRNAs in orthodontics, specifically their influence on inflammation and bone regeneration. Notably, recent evidence has suggested miR-138 may inhibit osteogenesis, indicating its potential role in regulating bone remodeling during OTM, as mechanical forces affect both alveolar bone and periodontal tissues. Furthermore, miR-195-5p has been shown to directly interact with crucial osteogenic proteins, such as Wingless/Integrated 3 A (WNT3A), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A (BMPR1A). By downregulating these proteins, miR-195-5p negatively impacts essential osteogenic pathways related to bone formation and stability. The cyclic strain was found to upregulate lncRNA H19 while downregulating miR-138, promoting osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. This review outlines the complex regulatory networks involving these molecules, contributing to an understanding of OTM in dental and skeletal health, and aims to enhance treatment outcomes for malocclusion.