Abstract
Purpose: Segmentation of lung nodules in chest CT images is essential for image-driven lung cancer diagnosis and follow-up treatment planning. Manual segmentation of lung nodules is subjective because the approach depends on the knowledge and experience of the specialist. We proposed a multiscale fully convolutional three-dimensional UNet (MF-3D UNet) model for automatic segmentation of lung nodules in CT images. Approach: The proposed model employs two strategies, fusion of multiscale features with Maxout aggregation and trainable downsampling, to improve the performance of nodule segmentation in 3D CT images. The fusion of multiscale (fine and coarse) features with the Maxout function allows the model to retain the most important features while suppressing the low-contribution features. The trainable downsampling process is used instead of fixed pooling-based downsampling. Results: The performance of the proposed MF-3D UNet model is examined by evaluating the model with CT scans obtained from the Lung Image Database Consortium and Image Database Resource Initiative (LIDC-IDRI) dataset. A quantitative and visual comparative analysis of the proposed work with various customized UNet models is also presented. The comparative analysis shows that the proposed model yields reliable segmentation results compared with other methods. The experimental result of 3D MF-UNet shows encouraging results in the segmentation of different types of nodules, including juxta-pleural, solitary pulmonary, and non-solid nodules, with an average Dice similarity coefficient of 0.83 ± 0.05 , and it outperforms other CNN-based segmentation models. Conclusions: The proposed model accurately segments the nodules using multiscale feature aggregation and trainable downsampling approaches. Also, 3D operations enable precise segmentation of complex nodules using inter-slice connections.