Abstract
Reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) followed by the 2(-ΔΔCt) method is the most common way to measure transcript levels for relative gene expression assays. The quality of an RT-qPCR assay is dependent upon the identification and validation of reference genes to normalize gene expression data. The so-called housekeeping genes are commonly used as internal reference genes because they are assumed to be ubiquitously expressed at stable levels. Commonly, researchers do not validate their reference genes but rely on historical reference genes or previously validated genes from an unrelated experiment. Using previously validated reference genes to assess gene expression changes occurring during malting resulted in extensive variability. Therefore, a new method was tested and validated to circumvent the use of internal reference genes. Total mouse RNA was chosen as the external reference RNA and a suite of primer sets to putatively stable mouse genes was created to identify stably expressed genes for use as an external reference gene. cDNA was created by co-amplifying total mouse RNA, as an RNA spike-in, and barley RNA. When using the external reference genes to normalize malting gene expression data, standard deviations were significantly reduced and significant differences in transcript abundance were observed, whereas when using the internal reference genes, standard deviations were larger with no significant differences seen. Furthermore, external reference genes were more accurate at assessing expression levels in malting and developing grains, whereas the internal reference genes overestimated abundance in developing grains and underestimated abundance in malting grains.