Abstract
Indoor environments are major contributing locations where the respiratory virus transmission occurs. Higher air change rate (ACH) values (up to 12) have been recommended in hospital environments to reduce virus transmission. In the present study, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) data of particle transport in a typical intensive care unit (ICU) is used to calculate the infection risk in close proximity interaction. Three different ACH (6, 9, 12) rates with face masks and one case with a healthy person wearing a face shield are considered. The average resident time of the droplets in the ICU is calculated to find the optimal ACH rate. Of the different types of masks analyzed in the present study, the triple-layer mask has shown the most resistance ([Formula: see text] probability of infection) to the penetration of virus-laden droplets, while the single-layer mask has shown the highest risk of infection (up to [Formula: see text]. The results show that the ACH rate has little effect on close proximity transmission. The ACH 9 case provided optimal value for the particle removal, while the ACH 12 has inferior performance to that of ACH 9. From an energy consumption view, our results recommend not using higher ACH in similar indoor environments. Inside indoor environments, it is advised to wear a three-layer face mask and face shield to reduce the risk of infection.