Abstract
A novel clay-doped ionic liquid and BaCl (CD-BaCl-IL) heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from linseed oil (LSO) was generated after 4 h of calcination at 600°C using Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to evaluate the catalyst's processability. After optimization using response surface methodology (RSM), the second-order polynomial model was shown in the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with R2 values of 0.9947, Adj R2 (0.9850), and Pred R2 (0.8594), demonstrating model acceptability. The maximum biodiesel yield (97.097 %) was obtained with 2.6 wt% catalyst, 6 mol/mol methanol/molar ratio, 1.5 h, 50 °C, and 400 rpm agitation. ANFIS predicted biodiesel yield more accurately than ANN (R2 = 0.999, MSE = 0.27594), with the lowest MSE (R2 = 0.99, MSE = 0.00038). Under optimal conditions, this study employed a kinetic model based on two elementary chemical processes: Eley-Rideal (ER) and Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW). The LHHW model accurately described CD-BaCl-IL catalyst experimental data at 50 °C, with favourable parameters, an R2 value of 0.9348, and a variance of 2.61E-8. The surface reaction between adsorbed triglyceride and alcohol dictated the rate-determining step. Temperature increased the rate, indicating an endothermic process. The reaction's activation energy and frequency factor were 10.22 kJ/mol and 6.41 h-1, respectively. Linseed biodiesel met the D6751 criterion.