Abstract
Although it is generally accepted that diabetes is one of the most important risk factors for liver cancer, the underlying mechanism is still not well understood. The purpose of the current study is to further investigate how high concentrations of glucose (HG), a major symptom of diabetes, stimulate the development of liver malignancy. Using data mining, gap junction protein gamma 1 (GJC1) was identified as a critical proto-oncoprotein that is essential for the HG stimulation of proliferative capacity in liver cancer cells. Furthermore, enhanced transcriptional expression of GJC1 might occur after stimulation by HG. A transcription factor zinc finger protein 410 (APA1)-binding motif was found to be located at the -82 to -77 nt region within the GJC1 promoter. Without APA1, HG was unable to increase GJC1 expression. Interestingly, APA1, but not GJC1, can be O-GlcNAcylated in liver cancer cells. Moreover, O-GlcNAcylation is essential for HG-induced APA1 binding to the GJC1 promoter. Notably, global O-GlcNAcylation and expression of APA1 and GJC1 were highly elevated in liver cancer patients with diabetes compared to those in patients without diabetes. The HG-stimulated proliferative capacity was abolished upon decreasing O-GlcNAcylation, which could be reversed gradually by the simultaneous overexpression of APA1 and GJC1. Therefore, GJC1 could be a potential target for preventing liver cancer in patients with diabetes.