Abstract
BACKGROUND: The off-label use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound has been increasingly used for pediatric patients. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this retrospective study is to report any observed clinical changes associated with the intravenous (IV) administration of ultrasound contrast to critically ill neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All critically ill patients who had 1 or more contrast-enhanced ultrasound scans while being closely monitored in the neonatal, pediatric, or pediatric cardiac intensive care units were identified. Subjective and objective data concerning cardiopulmonary, neurological, and hemodynamic monitoring were extracted from the patient's electronic medical records. Vital signs and laboratory values before, during, and after administration of ultrasound contrast were obtained. Statistical analyses were performed using JMP Pro, version 15. Results were accepted as statistically significant for P-value<0.05. RESULTS: Forty-seven contrast-enhanced ultrasound scans were performed on 38 critically ill patients, 2 days to 17 years old, 19 of which were female (50%), and 19 had history of prematurity (50%). At the time of the contrast-enhanced ultrasound scans, 15 patients had cardiac shunts or a patent ductus arteriosus, 25 had respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical oxygenation and ventilation, 19 were hemodynamically unstable requiring continual vasoactive infusions, and 8 were receiving inhaled nitric oxide. In all cases, no significant respiratory, neurologic, cardiac, perfusion, or vital sign changes associated with IV ultrasound contrast were identified. CONCLUSION: This study did not retrospectively identify any adverse clinical effects associated with the IV administration of ultrasound contrast to critically ill neonates, infants, children, and adolescents.