Abstract
Determinants regulating sorting of host transmembrane proteins at sites of enveloped virus assembly on the plasma membrane (PM) remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that PM acidic phospholipid PIP2 regulates such sorting into an enveloped virus, HIV-1. Incorporation of CD43, PSGL-1, and CD44 into HIV-1 particles is known to have profound effects on viral spread; however, the mechanisms promoting their incorporation were unknown. We found that depletion of cellular PIP2 blocks the incorporation of CD43, PSGL-1, and CD44 into HIV-1 particles. Expansion microscopy revealed that PIP2 depletion diminishes nanoscale co-clustering between viral structural protein Gag and the three transmembrane proteins at PM and that Gag induces PIP2 enrichment around itself. CD43, PSGL-1, and CD44 also increased local PIP2 density, revealing their PIP2 affinity. Altogether, these results support a new mechanism where local enrichment of an acidic phospholipid drives co-clustering between viral structural and cellular transmembrane proteins, thereby modulating the content, and hence the fate, of progeny virus particles.