Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Non-hepatic hyperammonemia can damage the central nervous system (CNS), and possible prognostic factors are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic and risk factors for patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted between November and December 2019 at 11 ICUs in the Chinese Heilongjiang province. Changes in blood ammonia level during and after ICU admission were continuously monitored and expressed as the high level (H-), mean level (M-), and initial level (I-) of ammonia. The risk factors of poor prognosis were investigated by conducting univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to compare the predictive ability of Acute Physiologic Assessment and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE-II) score, lactic acid, total bilirubin (TBil), and M-ammonia. RESULTS: A total of 1060 patients were included in this study, of which 707 (67%) had a favorable prognosis and 353 (33%) had a poor prognosis. As shown by univariate models, a poor prognosis was associated with elevated serum levels of lactic acid, TBil, and ammonia (P < 0.05) and pathologic scores from three assessments: APACHE-II, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA). Multivariate analysis revealed that circulating mean ammonia levels in ICU patients were independently associated with a poor prognosis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-2.80, P = 0.02). However, the APACHE-II score (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.714, sensitivity: 0.86, specificity: 0.68, P < 0.001) remained the most predictive factor for patient prognosis by ROC analysis. CONCLUSION: Elevated serum levels of ammonia in the blood were independently prognostic for ICU patients without liver disease.