Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Although chronic exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of dementia in normal elderlies, the effect of chronic exposure to air pollution on the rates of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not been elucidated. METHODS: In this longitudinal study, a total of 269 patients with mild cognitive impairment or early dementia due to AD with the evidence of brain β-amyloid deposition were followed-up for a mean period of 4 years. Five-year normalized hourly cumulative exposure value of each air pollutant, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2) ), sulfur dioxide (SO(2) ), and particulate matter (PM(2.5) and PM(10) ), was computed based on nationwide air pollution database. The effects of chronic exposure to air pollution on longitudinal cognitive decline rate were evaluated using linear mixed models. RESULTS: Higher chronic exposure to SO(2) was associated with a faster decline in memory score, whereas chronic exposure to CO, NO(2) , and PM(10) were not associated with the rate of cognitive decline. Higher chronic exposure to PM(2.5) was associated with a faster decline in visuospatial score in apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers. These effects remained significant even after adjusting for potential confounders. INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that chronic exposure to SO(2) and PM(2.5) is associated with faster clinical progression in AD.