Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset fatal neurodegenerative disease which lacks identified biological markers. A label-free plasma surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method was developed to explore a simple and noninvasive test for ALS. METHODS: ALS patients were enrolled serially and plasma samples were collected at the time of diagnosis prior to the start of ALS treatment. SERS spectra were recorded using a Renishaw micro-Raman system. RESULTS: To exclude the interference by varying disease severity, we enrolled three groups of ALS patients, including ALS-1 (n = 60; ALSFRS-R ≥ 42 and time interval ≤ 12 months), ALS-2 (n = 61; ALSFRS-R < 42 and time interval ≤ 12 months), and ALS-3 (n = 61; ALSFRS-R ≥ 38 and time interval> 12 months). The SERS spectra were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), which showed that ALS-1, ALS-2, ALS-3, and control groups were separated significantly. Then, decision tree (DT) models and receiver operating characteristic curves were employed and identified that bands at 722 and 739 cm(-1) , and ratios of 635-722 cm(-1) and 635-739 cm(-1) were able to distinguish ALS from controls significantly. Finally, we highlighted six metabolism pathways correlated with ALS, including phenylalanine-tyrosine-tryptophan biosynthesis, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. INTERPRETATION: Plasma SERS could be a promising tool for the detection of ALS. The bands at 722 and 739 cm(-1) , and the ratios of 635-722 cm(-1) and 635-739 cm(-1) could serve as potential indicator for ALS.