Regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 sensitivity by gut microbiota dysbiosis

Gut microbiota dysbiosis reduces expression of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the enteric nervous system and hampers GLP-1-induced nitric oxide (NO) production through a pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-dependent mechanism, hence preventing activation of the gut-brain-periphery axis for control of insulin secretion and gastric emptying.