Abstract
The technology of focused ultrasound-mediated disruption of the blood-brain barrier (FUS-BBB opening) has now been used in over 20 Phase 1 clinical trials to validate the safety and feasibility of BBB opening for drug delivery in patients with brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases. The primary treatment parameters, FUS intensity and microbubble dose, are chosen to balance sufficient BBB disruption to achieve drug delivery against potential acute vessel damage leading to microhemorrhage. However, other safety considerations due to second order effects caused by BBB disruption, such as inflammation and alteration of neurovascular function, are only beginning to be understood. This study builds on previous work that has investigated the inflammatory response following FUS-BBB opening. In this study, we characterize the effect of FUS intensity, microbubble dose and single vs multiple treatments on the extent of BBB disruption, observed level of microhemorrhage, and degree of inflammatory response at acute post-treatment time points in the wild-type mouse brain. Results show that upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers is primarily driven by microbubble dose, with peak effects seen at 24 hours post-treatment. We additionally saw significantly elevated levels of cytokine and chemokine markers in female vs male mice, despite no sex differences in level of BBB disruption or microglia activation. Multiple treatments did not result in increased levels of pro-inflammatory markers compared to single treatment baseline. However, we did see an interesting elevation of the anti-inflammatory molecule eNOS after multiple treatments, indicating active mechanisms were at work to restore homeostasis in the brain environment.