Abstract
Thirdhand cigarette smoke (THS) is a newly described toxin that lingers in the indoor environment long after cigarettes have been extinguished. Emerging results from both cellular and animal model studies suggest that THS is a potential human health hazard. DNA damage derived from THS exposure could have genotoxic consequences that would lead to the development of diseases. However, THS exposure-induced interference with fundamental DNA transactions such as replication and transcription, and the role of DNA repair in ameliorating such effects, remain unexplored. Here, we found that THS exposure increased the percentage of cells in S-phase, suggesting impaired S-phase progression. Key DNA damage response proteins including RPA, ATR, ATM, CHK1, and BRCA1 were activated in lung cells exposed to THS, consistent with replication stress. In addition, THS exposure caused increased 53BP1 foci, indicating DNA double-strand break induction. Consistent with these results, we observed increased micronuclei formation, a marker of genomic instability, in THS-exposed cells. Exposure to THS also caused a significant increase in phosphorylated RNA Polymerase II engaged in transcription elongation, suggesting an increase in transcription-blocking lesions. In agreement with this conclusion, ongoing RNA synthesis was very significantly reduced by THS exposure. Loss of nucleotide excision repair exacerbated the reduction in RNA synthesis, suggesting that bulky DNA adducts formed by THS are blocks to transcription. The adverse impact on both replication and transcription supports genotoxic stress as a result of THS exposure, with important implications for both cancer and other diseases.