Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a ubiquitous virus that infects almost all people by age two and is a major source of respiratory illness in infants, the elderly and others with compromised immune systems. Currently there is no available vaccine. Prior efforts using formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) were associated with enhanced respiratory disease upon viral exposure following clinical vaccine trials. Several researchers and pharmaceutical companies have utilized vector-associated live attenuated RSV vaccines in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Another attractive approach, however, is a subunit vaccine which would be easier to produce and quality control. Our group has previously demonstrated in a murine model of infection that intranasal immunization with nanoemulsion-inactivated and adjuvanted RSV induces humoral and cellular immune responses, resulting in protection against RSV infection. The present studies characterize the immune responses elicited by intranasal RSV F protein adjuvanted with nanoemulsion. Intranasal application of nanoemulsion adjuvanted F protein induced a rapid and robust systemic and mucosal antibody response, as well as protection against subsequent RSV challenge. Importantly, RSV challenge in immunized animals did not elicit airway hyper-reactivity, a Th2-skewed immune response or immunopathology associated with hypersensitivity reactions with formalin-inactivated vaccine. These results suggest that RSV F protein adjuvanted with nanoemulsion may be a good mucosal vaccine candidate. Formulating RSV F protein in nanoemulsion creates a well-defined and well-controlled vaccine that can be delivered intranasally to induce T cell mediated immunity without inducing enhanced disease associated with the mouse model of FI-RSV vaccination and infection.