Abstract
Quantum dots have diverse biomedical applications, from constructing biological infrastructures like medical imaging to advancing pharmaceutical research. However, concerns about human health arise due to the toxic potential of quantum dots based on heavy metals. Therefore, research on quantum dots has predominantly focused on oxidative stress, cell death, and other broader bodily toxicities. This study investigated the toxicity and cellular responses of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and mouse adult stem cells (mASCs) to nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) made of non-metallic materials. Cells were exposed to NCQDs, and we utilized a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell system to verify whether NCQDs induce cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we validated the differentiation-inducing impact of NCQDs by utilizing embryonic stem cells equipped with the Oct4 enhancer-GFP reporter system. By analyzing gene expression including Crebzf, Chop, and ATF6, we also observed that NCQDs robustly elicited endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We confirmed that NCQDs induced cytotoxicity and abnormal differentiation. Interestingly, we also confirmed that low concentrations of NCQDs stimulated cell proliferation in both mESCs and mASCs. In conclusion, NCQDs modulate cell death, proliferation, and differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. Indiscriminate biological applications of NCQDs have the potential to cause cancer development by affecting normal cell division or to fail to induce normal differentiation by affecting embryonic development during pregnancy. Therefore, we propose that future biomedical applications of NCQDs necessitate comprehensive and diverse biological studies.