Abstract
BACKGROUND: Developing a safety culture in hospitals improves patient safety-related initiatives. Limited recent knowledge about patient safety culture (PSC) exists in the healthcare context. AIMS: This study assessed nurses' reporting on the predictors and outcomes of PSC and the differences between the patient safety grades and the number of events reported across the components of PSC. METHODS: A cross-sectional comparative research design was conducted. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (https://www.strobe-statement.org/index.php?id=available-checklists) guided the study. The researcher recruited a convenience sample of 300 registered nurses using the hospital survey on patient safety culture, with a response rate of 75%. RESULTS: Nurses reported PSC to be 'moderate'. Areas of strength in PSC were non-punitive responses to errors and teamwork within units. Areas that needed improvements were the supervisor's/manager's expectations and actions in promoting safety and communication openness. Some significant correlations were reported among PSC components. Significant differences in means were observed for patient safety grades in six out of the ten PSC components and one outcome item. Organisational learning/continuous improvement, hospital handoffs and transitions, years of experience in the current hospital, the supervisor's/manager's expectations and actions in promoting safety and gender predicted PSC. Of the outcomes, around half of the sample reported a 'very good' patient safety grade, and 'no events' or 'one to two events' only were reported, and nurses 'agreed' on the majority of items, which indicates a positive perception about the overall PSC in the hospitals. In addition, nurses 'most of the time' reported the events when they occurred. PSC components correlated significantly and moderately with PSC outcomes. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: PSC was moderate with an overall positive nurses' perceptions. PSC's strengths should be maintained, and areas of improvement should be prioritised and immediately tackled. Assessing PSC is the first step in improving hospitals' overall performance and quality of services, and improving patient safety practices is essential to improving PSC and clinical outcomes.