Abstract
The frequency and timing of antenatal care visits are observed to be the significant factors of infant and maternal morbidity and mortality. The present research is conducted to determine the risk factors of reduced antenatal care visits using an optimized partial least square regression model. A data set collected during 2017-2018 by Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys is used for modeling purposes. The partial least square regression model coupled with rank correlation measures are introduced for improved performance to address ranked response. The proposed models included PLSρ (s) , PLSτ (A) , PLSτ (B) , PLSτ (C) , PLS (D) , PLSτ (GK) , PLS (G) , and PLS (U) . Three filter-based factor selection methods are executed, and leave-one-out cross-validation by linear discriminant analysis is measured on predicted scores of all models. Finally, the Monte Carlo simulation method with 10 iterations of repeated sampling for optimization of validation performance is applied to select the optimum model. The standard and proposed models are executed over simulated and real data sets for efficiency comparison. The PLSρ (s) is found to be the most appropriate proposed method to model the observed ranked data set of antenatal care visits based on validation performance. The optimal model selected 29 influential factors of inadequate use of antenatal care. The important factors of reduced antenatal care visits included women's educational status, wealth index, total children ever born, husband's education level, domestic violence, and history of cesarean section. The findings recommended that partial least square regression algorithms coupled with rank correlation coefficients provide more efficient estimates of ranked data in the presence of multicollinearity.