Abstract
As multiple myeloma tumors universally dysregulate cyclin D genes we conducted high-throughput chemical library screens for compounds that induce suppression of cyclin D2 promoter transcription. The top-ranked compound was a natural triterpenoid, pristimerin. Strikingly, the early transcriptional response of cells treated with pristimerin closely resembles cellular responses elicited by proteosome inhibitors, with rapid induction of heat shock proteins, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), and CHOP. Enzymatic assays and immunoblotting confirm that pristimerin rapidly (< 90 minutes) and specifically inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteosome activity at low concentrations (< 100 nM) and causes accumulation of cellular ubiquitinated proteins. Notably, cytotoxic triterpenoids including pristimerin inhibit NF-kappaB activation via inhibition of IKK alpha or IKK beta, whereas proteosome inhibitors instead suppress NF-kappaB function by impairing degradation of ubiquitinated I kappaB. By inhibiting both IKK and the proteosome, pristimerin causes overt suppression of constitutive NF-kappaB activity in myeloma cells that may mediate its suppression of cyclin D. Multiple myeloma is exquisitely sensitive to proteosome or NF-kappaB pathway inhibition. Consistent with this, pristimerin is potently and selectively lethal to primary myeloma cells (IC(50) < 100 nM), inhibits xenografted plasmacytoma tumors in mice, and is synergistically cytotoxic with bortezomib--providing the rationale for pharmaceutical development of triterpenoid dual-function proteosome/NF-kappaB inhibitors as therapeutics for human multiple myeloma and related malignancies.