Abstract
Human studies of fear neurobiology have established neural circuits that are activated to threatening stimuli, whether it be during Pavlovian fear conditioning or in response to naturally occurring threats. This circuitry involves the central and basolateral amygdala, as well as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, insula, hippocampus, and regulatory regions such as the anterior cingulate cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. While research has found that fear-based disorders, such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder, as associated with dysfunction in these circuits, there is substantial individual heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of symptoms. Recent work has used data-driven methods to derive brain biotypes that capitalize on the activity of the fear circuit and its interaction with other regions of the brain. These biotypes have great utility in both describing individual variation in psychopathology and in identifying individuals at greater risk for fear-based disorders after an environmental stressor, such as a traumatic event. The review discusses recent examples of how fear neurobiology studies can be leveraged to derive biotypes that may ultimately lead to improved treatment.