Abstract
Traditionally, chemists have relied on years of training and accumulated experience in order to discover new molecules. But the space of possible molecules is so vast that only a limited exploration with the traditional methods can be ever possible. This means that many opportunities for the discovery of interesting phenomena have been missed, and in addition, the inherent variability of these phenomena can make them difficult to control and understand. The current state-of-the-art is moving toward the development of automated and eventually fully autonomous systems coupled with in-line analytics and decision-making algorithms. Yet even these, despite the substantial progress achieved recently, still cannot easily tackle large combinatorial spaces, as they are limited by the lack of high-quality data. Herein, we explore the utility of active learning methods for exploring the chemical space by comparing the collaboration between human experimenters with an algorithm-based search against their performance individually to probe the self-assembly and crystallization of the polyoxometalate cluster Na(6)[Mo(120)Ce(6)O(366)H(12)(H(2)O)(78)]·200H(2)O (1). We show that the robot-human teams are able to increase the prediction accuracy to 75.6 ± 1.8%, from 71.8 ± 0.3% with the algorithm alone and 66.3 ± 1.8% from only the human experimenters demonstrating that human-robot teams can beat robots or humans working alone.