Abstract
The aim of this study was a systematic analysis of the influence of anions (chloride and sulfate) on the electrochemical behavior of the Co-Sn system during codeposition from gluconate baths. The pH-dependent multiple equilibria in cobalt-tin baths were calculated using stability constants. The codeposition of the metals was characterized thermodynamically considering the formation of various Co(x)Sn(y) intermetallic phases. The alloys obtained at different potentials were characterized in terms of their elemental (EDS and anodic stripping) and phase compositions (XRD), the development of preferred orientation planes (texture coefficients), surface morphology (SEM), and wettability (water; diiodomethane; surface energy). The mass of the deposits and cathodic current efficiencies were strongly dependent on both the deposition potential and the bath composition. The morphology and composition of the alloys were mainly dependent on the deposition potential, while the effect of the anions was less emphasized. Two-phase alloys were produced at potentials -0.9 V (Ag/AgCl) and lower, and they consisted of a mixture of tetragonal tin and an uncommon tetragonal CoSn phase. The preferential orientation planes of tin grains were dependent on the cobalt incorporation into the deposits and anion type in the bath, while the latter did not affect the preferential orientation plane of the CoSn phase. The surface wettability of the alloys displayed hydrophobicity and oleophilicity originating from the hierarchical porous surface topography rather than the elemental or phase composition. The codeposition of the metals occurs within the progressive nucleation model, but at more electronegative potentials and in the presence of sulfate ions, a transition from progressive to instantaneous nucleation can be possible. This correlated well with the partial polarization curves of the alloy deposition and the texture of the tin phase.