Abstract
Protective coatings are essential for extending the service life of components exposed to harsh conditions, such as pipes used in industrial systems, where wear and corrosion remain constant challenges. This study explores the development of a nano-sized TiO(2)-reinforced electroless nickel-based ternary (Ni-W-P) alloy and composite coating on API X60 steel, a high-strength carbon steel pipe grade widely used in oil and gas pipelines, using an alkaline hypophosphite-reduced bath. The surface morphology, microstructure, elemental composition, structure, phase evolution, adhesion, and roughness of the coatings were analyzed using optical microscopy, FESEM, EDS, XRD, AFM, cross-cut tape test, and 3D profilometry. The tribological performance was evaluated via Vickers microhardness measurements and reciprocating wear tests conducted under dry conditions at a 5 N load. The TiO(2) nanoparticle-reinforced composite coating achieved a consistent thickness of approximately 24 µm and exhibited enhanced microhardness and reduced coefficient of friction (COF), although the addition of nanoparticles increased surface roughness (S(a)). Annealing the electroless composites at 400 °C led to a significant improvement in their tribological properties, primarily owing to the grain growth, phase transformation, and Ni(3)P crystallization. XRD analysis revealed phase evolution from an amorphous state to crystalline Ni(3)P upon annealing. Both the alloy and composite coatings exhibited excellent adhesion performances. The combined effect of TiO(2) nanoparticles, tungsten, and Ni(3)P crystallization greatly improved the wear resistance, with abrasive and adhesive wear identified as the dominant mechanisms, making these coatings well suited for high-wear applications.