Abstract
Overdose of acetaminophen, a widely used antipyretic and analgesic drug, is one of the leading causes of drug-induced acute liver injury in the United States and worldwide. Phase-I metabolism of acetaminophen generates the toxic N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) intermediate. Reactions of NAPQI with a wide range of biomolecules cause increased oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, some of the cellular events contributing toward liver toxicity. Previously, we evaluated the potential of an FDA-approved, ER stress-modulating antihypertensive drug, Wytensin (trans-guanabenz, E-GA), as an antidote for acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. E-GA prevented elevation of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT), even when administered up to 6 h after acetaminophen overdose, and exhibited synergistic analgesic interactions. However, the commercially available guanabenz exists solely as a trans-isomer and suffers from sedative side effects resulting from the inhibition of central α2A-adrenergic receptors in locus coeruleus. Here, we studied the utility of the relatively unexplored cis-isomer of guanabenz as a treatment option for acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity. cis(Z)-Guanabenz acetate (Z-GA) lacks interaction with α2A-adrenoreceptors and is thus devoid of sedative, blood-pressure-lowering side effects of E-GA. Treatment of mice with Z-GA (10 mg/kg) before acetaminophen overdose and up to 6 h post APAP administration prevented liver injury and suppressed the elevation of serum ALT levels. Mechanistically, hepatoprotective effects of both isomers are similar and partly attributed to attenuation of the ER stress and oxidative stress in the liver. The results of this study suggest that Z-GA may be a safer, effective antidote for the clinical management of acute liver injury resulting from acetaminophen overdose. It also raises a tantalizing possibility of a prophylactic combination of the geometric isomer of the approved drug guanabenz with acetaminophen in a clinical setting.