Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ammonium (NH(4) (+)) and nitrate (NO(3) (-)) are two inorganic forms of nitrogen (N) that are deposited from the atmosphere into soil systems. As the substrate and product of soil nitrification, these two forms of inorganic nitrogen will affect or be affected by the soil net nitrification rate (N(r)). Our knowledge regarding soil nitrification is mainly derived from studies with bulk soil. However, soil is composed of different aggregate fractions, which may have an important impact on N(r). METHODS: In 2017, we collected soil samples from an alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and separated them into four soil aggregates (2-4, 1-2, 0.25-1, and <0.25 mm) using the dry sieving method. The four soil aggregate sizes amended with the 2 N deposition forms (NH(4) (+)-N and NO(3) (-)-N) were then incubated at 25 °C for 28 days, and the soil aggregates for each treatment were collected on day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 to determine the NO(3) (-)-N concentration. The soil N(r) and contribution of soil aggregates to the nitrification rate in the bulk soil were calculated. RESULTS: There were differences in the physicochemical properties of the soil aggregates. The addition of N and aggregate size had strong effects on soil N(r), which were significantly increased under high levels of NH(4) (+) addition across all soil aggregates. The N(r) during the 4 week incubation period differed among aggregate sizes. N(r) in the 2-4 mm aggregates was higher than in the other aggregates, which was correlated with the maximum values of the soil porosity observed in the 2-4 mm aggregates. Furthermore, almost half of the soil was composed of aggregates of <0.25 mm, indicating that the <0.25 mm aggregates made a higher contribution to the nitrification rate in the bulk soil than the other aggregates, even though these aggregates had a lower nitrification ability. Overall, our study revealed that the soil nitrification rate was influenced by both the N addition and soil aggregates, and that the 2-4 mm aggregates had a dominant effect on the response of soil N transformation processes to future nitrogen deposition in the alpine meadow.