Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) attract significant attention due to their great potential in flexible, lightweight, and low-cost photovoltaic technology. Given the reformation of non-fullerene acceptors, the certificated power conversion efficiency (PCE) of single-junction OSCs has developed rapidly over 19% in the small device size (<1 cm(2)). However, the PCEs of large-area OSCs are significantly lower than that of small-area devices. Several essential issues in upscaling OSCs from small-area to large-area need to be overcome to bridge the efficiency gap, including coating techniques, material requirements, morphology optimization, flexible transparent electrodes development, and devices stability research. Herein, recent progress and challenges in materials and processing technologies of large-area OSCs are summarized. Based on the analysis, strategies and opportunities are proposed to promote the development of large-area efficient OSCs toward mass production.