Abstract
Solutions for improving fast charging of lithium-ion batteries have largely focused on alleviating through-plane lithiation gradients while little is understood about in-plane heterogeneities and how to resolve them. Herein, high-speed synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) resolves graphite lithiation spatially and temporally during 6 C charging and 2 C discharging. At every point during operation, considerable differences in the state of lithiation across the pouch cell are present. Some regions are more responsive to operation than others, reaching full lithiation early during charge and full delithiation during discharge. Other regions within the cell never fully delithiate during discharge, despite a prolonged voltage hold at 2.8 V. Using time-resolved XRD data, the calculated local current density (mA cm(-2)) at the graphite surface shows an unexpected occurrence of local inverted current densities where regions of graphite are observed to delithiate during charging and lithiate during discharging. A pseudo-3D model is developed for the graphite electrode with spatially varying microstructural tortuosity to show how microstructural heterogeneity could influence spatial charge dynamics. The model could not predict the complex in-plane charge behavior observed within the cell. Consequently physics-based charging protocols based on homogeneous electrode assumptions may underestimate the local variations in charge dynamics and occurrence of lithium plating.