Abstract
BACKGROUND: The serum response element (SRE) in the c-fos promoter is a convergence point for several signaling pathways that regulate induction of the c-fos gene. Many transcription factors regulate the SRE, including serum response factor (SRF), ternary complex factor (TCF), and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta (C/EBPbeta). Independently, the TCFs and C/EBPbeta have been shown to interact with SRF and to respond to Ras-dependent signaling pathways that result in transactivation of the SRE. Due to these common observations, we addressed the possibility that C/EBPbeta and Elk-1 could both be necessary for Ras-stimulated transactivation of the SRE. RESULTS: In this report, we demonstrate that Elk-1 and C/EBPbeta functionally synergize in transactivation of both a Gal4 reporter plasmid in concert with Gal4-SRF and in transactivation of the SRE. Interestingly, this synergy is only observed upon activation of Ras-dependent signaling pathways. Furthermore, we show that Elk-1 and C/EBPbeta could interact both in an in vitro GST-pulldown assay and in an in vivo co-immunoprecipitation assay. The in vivo interaction between the two proteins is dependent on the presence of activated Ras. We have also shown that the C-terminal domain of C/EBPbeta and the N-terminal domain of Elk-1 are necessary for the proteins to interact. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that C/EBPbeta and Elk-1 synergize in SRF dependent transcription of both a Gal-4 reporter and the SRE. This suggests that SRF, TCF, and C/EBPbeta are all necessary for maximal induction of the c-fos SRE in response to mitogenic signaling by Ras.