Background
Osteopontin (OPN) is a pro-fibrotic molecule upregulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-6 functions downstream of IL-1β and has unique signal pathways: classic- or trans-signaling via membrane-bound IL-6R or soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R). We investigated the effect of IL-6 trans-signaling on the upregulation of OPN.
Conclusions
IL-6 and sIL-6R induced by IL-1β may trigger IL-6 trans-signaling, contributing to the upregulation of OPN in THP-1 macrophages. Macrophages may be used as a source of IL-6 and sIL-6R and evoke IL-6 trans-signaling.
Methods
We used THP-1 cells and THP-1 macrophages differentiated from THP-1 cells using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). After IL-1β stimulation, expression of OPN, IL-6, sIL-6R, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) was examined by ELISA and quantitative PCR. The effects of anti-human IL-6 neutralizing antibody, soluble gp130 (sgp130, IL-6 trans-signaling-specific inhibitor), TAPI-1 (ADAM inhibitor) and siRNA against IL-6R or ADAM17 on OPN expression were evaluated.
Results
IL-1β increased OPN and induced IL-6 in THP-1 macrophages. Anti-IL-6 neutralizing antibody and siRNA against IL-6R inhibited OPN upregulation induced by IL-1β. TAPI-1 significantly inhibited the increase in sIL-6R induced by IL-1β. Treatment with sgp130 attenuated OPN elevation by IL-1β, whereas sgp130 did not change OPN levels in THP-1 macrophages without IL-1β stimulation. ADAM17 was expressed in THP-1 macrophages and THP-1 cells and IL-1β stimulation significantly increased ADAM17 expression, regardless of PMA treatment. TAPI-1 and siRNA against ADAM17 significantly inhibited OPN increased by IL-1β. Conclusions: IL-6 and sIL-6R induced by IL-1β may trigger IL-6 trans-signaling, contributing to the upregulation of OPN in THP-1 macrophages. Macrophages may be used as a source of IL-6 and sIL-6R and evoke IL-6 trans-signaling.