Abstract
For nearly two decades there has been an abundance of research and clinical development programs underway to develop active specific immunotherapies, to educate the patient's immune response, specifically the T-cell immunity and memory, to recognize and destroy tumor cells by cell-mediated cellular toxicity. While many of these technology platforms achieved promising results in preclinical and clinical phase I and II clinical trials, essentially all but one have failed to achieve FDA market approval as a therapeutic drug product.