Abstract
This commentary reflects upon the insights for improvement cases reported by Holmström et al where they consider the integration of action research (AR)-a research methodology-and system dynamics (SD)-a modelling technique-to manage the complexity of patient care pathways. Whilst this combination can be effective, recognising that SD is a simulation model whereas AR is a research approach is important for both practical and conceptual reasons. In addition, some of the benefits noted can also be achieved through taking a wider examination of modelling techniques, particularly problem structuring methods (PSMs) as SD has been considered a PSM and PSMs are designed to effectively engage multi-disciplinary group members in the search for solutions as this will provide further avenues for both engagement and learning.