Abstract
The purpose of this analysis was to assess whether effects of 1(st)-grade mathematics intervention apply across the range of at-risk learners' initial skill levels. Students were randomly assigned to control (n=213) and 2 variants of intervention (n=385) designed to improve arithmetic. Of each 30-minute intervention session (48 over 16 weeks), 25 minutes were identical in the 2 variants, focused on number knowledge that provides the conceptual bases for arithmetic. The other 5 minutes provided non-speeded conceptual practice (n=196) or speeded strategic practice (n=199). Contrasts tested effects of intervention (combined across variants) versus control and effects between the variants. Moderation analysis indicated no significant interactions between at-risk children's pre-intervention mathematics skill and either contrast on any outcome. Across pre-intervention math skill, effects favored intervention over control on arithmetic and transfer to double-digit calculations and number knowledge and favored speeded over non-speeded practice on arithmetic.