Abstract
RATIONALE: Recent advances in the learning sciences offer remarkable potential for improving medical learning and performance. Difficult to teach pattern recognition skills can be systematically accelerated using techniques of perceptual learning (PL). The effectiveness of PL interventions is amplified when they are combined with adaptive learning (AL) technology in perceptual-adaptive learning modules (PALMs). INNOVATION: Specifically, PALMs incorporate the Adaptive Response Time-based Sequencing (ARTS) system, which leverages learner performance (accuracy and speed) in interactive learning episodes to guide the course of factual, perceptual, or procedural learning, optimize spacing, and lead learners to comprehensive mastery. Here we describe elements and scientific foundations of PL and its embodiment in learning technology. We also consider evidence that AL systems utilizing both accuracy and speed enhance learning efficiency and provide a unified account and potential optimization of spacing effects in learning, as well as supporting accuracy, transfer, and fluency as goals of learning. RESULTS: To illustrate this process, we review some results of earlier PALMs and present new data from a PALM designed to accelerate and improve diagnosis in electrocardiography. CONCLUSIONS: Through relatively short training interventions, PALMs produce large and durable improvements in trainees' abilities to accurately and fluently interpret clinical signs and tests, helping to bridge the gap between novice and expert clinicians.