Abstract
In this study, we investigate the behavior of carbon clusters (C(n), where n ranges from 16 to 26) supported on the surface of MgO. We consider the impact of doping with common impurities (such as Si, Mn, Ca, Fe, and Al) that are typically found in ores. Our approach combines density functional theory calculations with machine learning force field molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that the C(21) cluster, featuring a core-shell structure composed of three pentagons isolated by three hexagons, demonstrates exceptional stability on the MgO surface and behaves as an "enhanced binding agent" on MgO-doped surfaces. The molecular dynamics trajectories reveal that the stable C(21) coating on the MgO surface exhibits less mobility compared to other sizes C(n) clusters and the flexible graphene layer on MgO. Furthermore, this stability persists even at temperatures up to 1100K. The analysis of the electron localization function and potential function of C(n) on MgO reveals the high localization electron density between the central carbon of the C(21) ring and the MgO surface. This work proposes that the C(21) island serves as a superstable and less mobile precursor coating on MgO surfaces. This explanation sheds light on the experimental defects observed in graphene products, which can be attributed to the reduced mobility of carbon islands on a substrate that remains frozen and unchanged.