Abstract
Carbohydrate metabolism in heart failure shares similarities to that following hypoxic exposure, and is thought to maintain energy homoeostasis in the face of reduced O2 availability. As part of these in vivo adaptations during sustained hypoxia, the heart up-regulates and maintains a high glycolytic flux, but the underlying mechanism is still elusive. We followed the cardiac glycolytic responses to a chronic hypoxic (CH) intervention using [5-3H]-glucose labelling in combination with detailed and extensive enzymatic and metabolomic approaches to provide evidence of the underlying mechanism that allows heart survivability. Following 3 weeks of in vivo hypoxia (11% oxygen), murine hearts were isolated and perfused in a retrograde mode with function measured via an intraventricular balloon and glycolytic flux quantified using [5-3H]-glucose labelling. At the end of perfusion, hearts were flash-frozen and central carbon intermediates determined via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The maximal activity of glycolytic enzymes considered rate-limiting was assessed enzymatically, and protein abundance was determined using Western blotting. Relative to normoxic hearts, CH increased ex vivo cardiac glycolytic flux 1.7-fold with no effect on cardiac function. CH up-regulated cardiac pyruvate kinase (PK) flux 3.1-fold and cardiac pyruvate kinase muscle isoenzyme M2 (PKM2) protein content 1.4-fold compared with normoxic hearts. CH also augmented cardiac pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) flux, reflected by higher ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) content. These findings support an increase in the covalent (protein expression) and allosteric (flux) control of PKM2 as being central to the sustained up-regulation of the glycolytic flux in the chronically hypoxic heart.