Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Metastasis of lung cancer is an important factor affecting survival. The present study proposed to establish and verify a nomogram for predicting overall survival (OS) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients with different patterns of metastasis. METHODS: A total of 9727 patients diagnosed with metastatic LUAD patients from 2010 to 2015 were enrolled based on surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) Database and then randomly divided into training and validation cohorts, and 136 patients in our Cancer Center were enrolled as the external validation cohort. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the prognostic impact on OS. A prognostic nomogram was constructed and evaluated by C-index, calibration curve, decision curve analysis (DCA), and risk stratification system. RESULTS: Ultimately, 6809 and 2918 patients diagnosed with metastatic LUAD in the training and validation cohorts were enrolled in the study, respectively. A male sex, a later T and N stage, a larger tumor size, treatment including no surgery, no chemotherapy and no radiotherapy, metastasis sites were found to be independent risk factors in LUAD patients for worse OS, and then incorporated into the nomogram. The frequency of bone metastasis was the highest, and in single site metastasis, the prognosis of liver metastasis was the worst. Two-site metastasis is more common than three-site and four-site metastasis, and co-metastasis eventually leads to a worse survival outcome. The C-index value of nomogram for predicting OS were 0.798, 0.703 and 0.698 in the internal training, validation and external validation cohorts, separately. The calibration curves for the 6-months, 1-year and 2-year showed significant agreement between nomogram models and actual observations. The DCA curves indicated nomogram was more beneficial than the AJCC TNM stage. Patients were further divided into low-risk and high-risk groups according to nomogram predicted scores and developed a survival risk classification system. CONCLUSIONS: Our prognostic nomogram is expected to be an accurate and individualized clinical predictive tool for predicting OS in LUAD patients with different patterns of metastasis.