Abstract
Chromium (Cr) toxicity exerts a detrimental effect on various physiological, biochemical, and molecular attributes of plants including the structure and functions of cell walls. On the other hand, the exogenous application of proline (Pro) is a beneficial strategy to overcome Cr toxicity. Therefore, it is a novel strategy to find the key genes associated with cell wall composition in rice under trivalent Cr with/without Pro application. A total of 203 genes were activated in the four cell wall biosynthesis pathways under chromium stress, namely cellulose (60), hemicellulose (57), lignin (35), and pectin (51). Based on the expression abundance of microarrays, the number of differentially expressed genes, and the expression level of genes, the lignin pathway was a crucial pathway in response to Cr treatments, followed by the cellulose pathway. Through the estimation of gene expression variation factors between 'Cr' and 'Cr+Pro' treatments, OsUGP1, OsBGLU24, OsBGLU29, OsBGLU33, OsBMY1, and OsBMY2 in the cellulose pathway; OsXTH9, OsXTH10, OsXTH16, OsGAUT3, OsGAUT19, OsGAUT28, OsXTH1, OsGAUT12, and OsGAUT21 in the hemicellulose pathway; OsPAL3, OsPAL3, OsPOX1, and OsPRX77 in the lignin pathway; and OsPME25, OsPGL27, OsPME26, OsPGL9, and OsPLL12 in the pectin pathway are the key genes involved in cell wall modification during Cr exposure with exogenous Pro application. The Pro-mediated activation of these genes could be crucial players in modifying the cell wall structure and composition of rice plants under Cr stress, which needs to be further clarified.