Abstract
The necessity for the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, the growing demand for the improvement of biorefinery technologies, and the development of new biorefining concepts oblige us as a society, and particularly us, as scientists, to develop novel biorefinery approaches. The purpose of this study is to thoroughly evaluate the leftover lignocellulosic (LC) biomass obtained after the manufacture of 2-furaldehyde, with the intention of further valorizing this resource. This study demonstrates that by using thermomechanical and alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping techniques, birch wood chips can be used in the new biorefinery processing chain for the production of 2-furaraldehyde, acetic acid, and cellulose pulp. In addition, the obtained lignocellulosic residue is also characterized. To produce a lignocellulosic material without pentoses and with the greatest amount of cellulose fiber preserved for future use, a novel bench-scale reactor technology is used. Studies were conducted utilizing orthophosphoric acid as a catalyst to deacetylate and dehydrate pentose monosaccharides found in birch wood, converting them to 2-furaldehyde and acetic acid. The results showed that, with the least amount of admixtures, the yields of the initial feedstock's oven-dried mass (o.d.m.) of 2-furaldehyde, acetic acid, and lignocellulose residue ranged from 0.04 to 10.84%, 0.51 to 6.50%, and 68.13 to 98.07%, respectively, depending on the pretreatment conditions utilized. The ideal 2-furaldehyde production conditions with reference to the purity and usability of cellulose in residual lignocellulosic material were also discovered through experimental testing. The experiment that produced the best results in terms of 2-furaldehyde yield and purity of residual lignocellulose used a catalyst concentration of 70%, a catalyst quantity of 4%, a reaction temperature of 175 °C, and a treatment period of 60 min. It was possible to create pulp with a tensile index similar to standard printing paper by mechanically pulping the necessary LC residue with alkaline peroxide, proving that stepwise 2-furaldehyde production may be carried out with subsequent pulping to provide a variety of value-added goods.