Abstract
In recent years, with an increasingly profound comprehension of the tumor microenvironment, it has been discovered that the constituent cells within the immune microenvironment, such as macrophages, CD4(+)T cells, and CD8(+)T cells, interact with tumor cells in manners conducive to tumorigenesis and progression. Exosomes play a pivotal role as essential mediators for intercellular material exchange and signal transmission in this context. Tumor cell-derived exosomes carrying cargo such as PD-L1 and ncRNAs engage with CD8(+)T cells to induce cytotoxic responses and facilitate immune evasion, thereby promoting tumor advancement. When combined with current immune checkpoint inhibitors like anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy, enhancing CD8(+)T cell function through exosomal pathways while monitoring and augmenting therapeutic effects can significantly improve efficacy. This review delineates the crucial role of exosomes derived from both tumor cells and CD8(+)T cells within the tumor microenvironment along with their impact mechanisms on both tumor cells and CD8(+)T cells. Furthermore, it summarizes the potential for clinical treatment in this realm when integrated with existing immunotherapy methods-particularly exploring the feasibility of clinical translation alongside engineering materials science techniques.