Abstract
Objectives: Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is an aggressive tumor of bone and soft tissue. Growing evidence indicated lactate as a pivotal mediator of crosstalk between tumor energy metabolism and microenvironmental regulation. However, the contribution of lactate-related genes (LRGs) in EWS is still unclear. Methods: We obtained the transcriptional data of EWS patients from the GEO database and identified differentially expressed-LRGs (DE-LRGs) between EWS patient samples and normal tissues. Unsupervised cluster analysis was utilized to recognize lactate modulation patterns based on the expression profile of DE-LRGs. Functional enrichment including GSEA and GSVA analysis was conducted to identify molecular signaling enriched in different subtypes. ESTIMATE, MCP and CIBERSORT algorithm was used to explore tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) between subtypes with different lactate modulation patterns. Then, lactate prognostic risk signature was built via univariate, LASSO and multivariate Cox analysis. Finally, we performed qPCR analysis to validate candidate gene expression. Result: A total of 35 DE-LRGs were identified and functional enrichment analysis indicated that these LRGs were involved in mitochondrial function. Unsupervised cluster analysis divided EWS patients into two lactate modulation patterns and we revealed that patients with Cluster 1 pattern were linked to poor prognosis and high lactate secretion status. Moreover, TIME analysis indicated that the abundance of multiple immune infiltrating cells were dramatically elevated in Cluster 1 to Cluster 2, including CAFs, endothelial cells, Macrophages M2, etc., which might contribute to immunosuppressive microenvironment. We also noticed that expression of several immune checkpoint proteins were clearly increased in Cluster 1 to Cluster 2. Subsequently, seven genes were screened to construct LRGs prognostic signature and the performance of the resulting signature was validated in the validation cohort. Furthermore, a nomogram integrating LRGs signature and clinical characteristics was developed to predict effectively the 4, 6, and 8-year prognosis of EWS patients. Conclusion: Our study revealed the role of LRGs in immunosuppressive microenvironment and predicting prognosis in EWS and provided a robust tool to predict the prognosis of EWS patients.