Abstract
It is still not quite apparent how suspended nanoparticles improve heat transmission. Multiple investigations have demonstrated that the aggregation of nanoparticles is a critical step in improving the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. However, the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid would be greatly affected by the fractal dimension of the nanoparticle aggregation. The purpose of this research is to learn how nanoparticle aggregation, joule heating, and a heat source affect the behavior of an ethylene glycol-based nanofluid as it flows over a permeable, heated, stretched vertical Riga plate and through a porous medium. Numerical solutions to the present mathematical model were obtained using Mathematica's Runge-Kutta (RK-IV) with shooting technique. In the stagnation point flow next to a permeable, heated, extending Riga plate, heat transfer processes and interrupted flow phenomena are defined and illustrated by diagrams in the proposed mixed convection, joule heating, and suction variables along a boundary surface. Data visualizations showed how different variables affected temperature and velocity distributions, skin friction coefficient, and the local Nusselt number. The rates of heat transmission and skin friction increased when the values of the suction parameters were raised. The temperature profile and the Nusselt number both rose because of the heat source setting. The increase in skin friction caused by changing the nanoparticle volume fraction from φ=0.0φ=0.0<math><mrow><mi>φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.0</mn></mrow></math> to φ=0.01φ=0.01<math><mrow><mi>φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.01</mn></mrow></math> for the without aggregation model was about 7.2% for the case of opposing flow area (λ=−1.0)(λ=-1.0)<math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>1.0</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> and 7.5% for the case of aiding flow region (λ=1.0)(λ=1.0)<math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1.0</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>. With the aggregation model, the heat transfer rate decreases by approximately 3.6% for cases with opposing flow regions (λ=−1.0)(λ=-1.0)<math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>1.0</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> and 3.7% for cases with assisting flow regions (λ=1.0)(λ=1.0)<math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1.0</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>, depending on the nanoparticle volume fraction and ranging from φ=0.0φ=0.0<math><mrow><mi>φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.0</mn></mrow></math> to φ=0.01φ=0.01<math><mrow><mi>φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.01</mn></mrow></math>, respectively. Recent findings were validated by comparing them to previously published findings for the same setting. There was substantial agreement between the two sets finding.