Aims
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence remains a great concern following hepatic resection and liver transplantation. We investigated the metformin-induced cytotoxic effects on sorafenib in an in vitro study using HCC cell lines.
Conclusions
Our in vitro study demonstrated cytotoxic effects of metformin and synergistic antitumor effects of sorafenib. These results should be verified in further clinical studies with patients of advanced HCC.
Methods
This research was conducted through an in vitro study using one HepG2.2.15 liver tumor and two patient-derived graft HCC cell lines.
Results
An in vitro study revealed noticeable cytotoxic effects of metformin as well as noticeable synergistic cytotoxic effects of metformin and sorafenib on cell viability. Assays for the mechanisms of action of antitumor effects revealed that alpha-fetoprotein expression was suppressed by both metformin and sorafenib, but no synergistic effect was observed. LC3-I and LC3-II assays revealed the synergistic upregulation of autophagy and assays for IL-1β, IL-6, p53, and TNF-α revealed the synergistic upregulation of cell damage and apoptosis. In contrast, metformin did not affect HBx expression, thus no noticeable synergistic effect was considered to be present. Conclusions: Our in vitro study demonstrated cytotoxic effects of metformin and synergistic antitumor effects of sorafenib. These results should be verified in further clinical studies with patients of advanced HCC.