Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase HER2 is associated with a number of human malignancies and is an important therapeutic target. The antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1; Kadcyla(®) ) is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. T-DM1 combines the antibody-induced effects of the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin(®) ) with the cytotoxic effect of the tubulin inhibitor mertansine (DM1). For DM1 to have effect, the T-DM1-HER2 complex has to be internalized and the trastuzumab part of T-DM1 has to be degraded. HER2 is, however, considered endocytosis-resistant. As a result of this, trastuzumab is only internalized to a highly limited extent, and if internalized, it is rapidly recycled. The exact reasons for the endocytosis resistance of HER2 are not clear, but it is stabilized by heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and Hsp90 inhibitors induce internalization and degradation of HER2. HER2 can also be internalized upon activation of protein kinase C, and contrary to trastuzumab alone, the combination of two or more anti-HER2 antibodies can induce efficient internalization and degradation of HER2. With intention to find ways to improve the action of T-DM1, we investigated how different ways of inducing HER2 internalization leads to degradation of trastuzumab. The results show that although both Hsp90 inhibition and activation of protein kinase C induce internalization of trastuzumab, only Hsp90 inhibition induces degradation. Furthermore, we find that antibody internalization and degradation are increased when trastuzumab is combined with the clinically approved anti-HER2 antibody pertuzumab (Perjeta(®) ).