Abstract
Compared with green plants, brown algae are characterized by their ability to accumulate iodine, contributing to their ecological adaptability in high-iodide coastal environments. Vanadium-dependent haloperoxidase (V-HPO) is the key enzyme for iodine synthesis. Despite its significance, the evolutionary origin of V-HPO genes remains underexplored. This study investigates the genomic and evolutionary dynamics of V-HPOs in brown algae, focusing on Laminariales species, particularly Saccharina japonica. Genomic analyses revealed the extensive expansion of the V-HPO gene family in brown algae, with 88 V-HPOs identified in S. japonica, surpassing the number in red algae. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated distinct evolutionary divergence between brown and red algal V-HPOs, with the brown algal clade closely related to bacterial V-HPOs. These findings suggest horizontal gene transfer (HGT) played a key role in acquiring V-HPO genes, particularly from Acidobacteriota, a bacterial phylum known for genomic plasticity. Additionally, enriched active transposable elements were identified around V-HPO genomic clusters, highlighting their role in tandem gene duplications and rapid HGT processes. Expression profiling further revealed dynamic regulation of V-HPOs in response to environmental conditions. This study provides new insights into how HGT has driven kelp genomic adaptations and enhances understanding of marine ecological success and evolutionary processes.