Abstract
Prussian blue (PB) is regarded as a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries because of its sustainable precursor elements (e.g., Mn, Fe), easy preparation, and unique framework structure. However, the unstable structure and inherent crystal H(2)O restrain its practical application. For this purpose, a self-constructed trace Mg(2+)/K(+) co-doped PB prepared via a sea-water-mediated method is proposed to address this problem. The Mg(2+)/K(+) co-doping in the Na sites of PB is permitted by both thermodynamics and kinetics factors when synthesized in sea water. The results reveal that the introduced Mg(2+) and K(+) are immovable in the PB lattices and can form stronger K‒N and Mg‒N Coulombic attraction to relieve phase transition and element dissolution. Besides, the Mg(2+)/K(+) co-doping can reduce defect and H(2)O contents. As a result, the PB prepared in sea water exhibits an extremely long cycle life (80.1% retention after 2400 cycles) and superior rate capability (90.4% capacity retention at 20 C relative to that at 0.1 C). To address its practical applications, a sodium salts recycling strategy is proposed to greatly reduce the PB production cost. This work provides a self-constructed Mg(2+)/K(+) co-doped high-performance PB at a low preparation cost for sustainable, large-scale energy storage.